Case marking: Difference between revisions
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'''Case marking''' is the process of assigning [[case|grammatical case]] values to dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads. Usually a language is said to "have cases" only if nouns change their form (nouns decline) to reflect their case. In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, case marking is defined through [[S-rule]]s in | '''Case marking''' is the process of assigning [[case|grammatical case]] values to dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads. Usually a language is said to "have cases" only if nouns change their form (nouns decline) to reflect their case. In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, case marking is defined through [[S-rule]]s. Case marking is not informed in UNL. | ||
<SYNTACTIC ROLE>(<CASE>); | == Syntax == | ||
Case marking is defined through [[S-rule]]s in the following format: | |||
<SYNTACTIC ROLE>(+<CASE>); | |||
Where:<br /> | Where:<br /> | ||
*<SYNTACTIC ROLE> is the [[ | *<SYNTACTIC ROLE> is the [[Syntactic roles|syntactic role]] (VA, VC, VS, VH, etc) of the case-marked term in relation to the head; and | ||
*<CASE> is the [[case|grammatical case]] to be assigned. | *<CASE> is the [[case|grammatical case]] to be assigned. | ||
== Examples == | == Examples == | ||
;VS(NOM); | ;VS(+NOM); | ||
:assigns the nominative case (NOM) to the specifier of the verb (VS) | :assigns the nominative case (NOM) to the specifier of the verb (VS) | ||
;VC(ACC); | ;VC(+ACC); | ||
:assigns the accusative case (ACC) to the complement of the verb (VC) | :assigns the accusative case (ACC) to the complement of the verb (VC) | ||
== Observations == | == Observations == | ||
;Conditional case-marking | ;Conditional case-marking | ||
:Conditional case-marking may be stated by | :Conditional case-marking may be stated by defining the left side of the s-rule and co-indexing it to the right side: | ||
*VC(DAT); (unconditional case-marking: assign the dative case (DAT) to the complement of the verb); | :*VC(+DAT); (unconditional case-marking: assign the dative case (DAT) to the complement of the verb); | ||
*VC(PP):=VC(DAT); (conditional case-marking: assign the dative case (DAT) to the complement of the verb (VC) if it is a PP); | :*VC(PP):=VC(+DAT); (conditional case-marking: assign the dative case (DAT) to the complement of the verb (VC) if it is a PP); | ||
*VC([make];NP):=VC(ACC); (conditional case-marking: assign the accusative case (ACC) to the complement of the verb (VC) whose lemma is "make"). | :*VC([make];NP):=VC(+ACC); (conditional case-marking: assign the accusative case (ACC) to the complement of the verb (VC) whose lemma is "make"). | ||
;Complex case-marking | ;Complex case-marking | ||
:A single case-marking rule may contain several case-marking operations: | :A single case-marking rule may contain several case-marking operations: | ||
*VS(NOM)VC(ACC)VA(OBL); (assign the nominative case to the specifier of the verb, the accusative case to the complement of the verb, and the oblique case to the adjunct to the verb) | :*VS(+NOM)VC(+ACC)VA(+OBL); (assign the nominative case to the specifier of the verb, the accusative case to the complement of the verb, and the oblique case to the adjunct to the verb) | ||
;Use of "+" | |||
:As rules are conservative (i.e., features are preserved unless explicitly deleted), the use of "+" is actually optional: | |||
:*VC(+DAT); is the same as VC(DAT); | |||
;Case-unmarking | ;Case-unmarking | ||
:Assigned cases may be deleted through "-" | :Assigned cases may be deleted through "-": | ||
*VC(PP | :*VC(-ACC); (deletes the accusative case from every verb complement) | ||
:*VC(PP):=VC(-ACC); (deletes the accusative case from verb complements which are prepositional phrases) | |||
;The symbol '''^''' is used for negation and to control infinite recursion: | |||
:*VC(^NOM):=VC(NOM); (assign the nominative case to the complement of verb if it does not have the nominative case) | |||
Latest revision as of 08:44, 26 March 2010
Case marking is the process of assigning grammatical case values to dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads. Usually a language is said to "have cases" only if nouns change their form (nouns decline) to reflect their case. In the UNLarium framework, case marking is defined through S-rules. Case marking is not informed in UNL.
Syntax
Case marking is defined through S-rules in the following format:
<SYNTACTIC ROLE>(+<CASE>);
Where:
- <SYNTACTIC ROLE> is the syntactic role (VA, VC, VS, VH, etc) of the case-marked term in relation to the head; and
- <CASE> is the grammatical case to be assigned.
Examples
- VS(+NOM);
- assigns the nominative case (NOM) to the specifier of the verb (VS)
- VC(+ACC);
- assigns the accusative case (ACC) to the complement of the verb (VC)
Observations
- Conditional case-marking
- Conditional case-marking may be stated by defining the left side of the s-rule and co-indexing it to the right side:
- VC(+DAT); (unconditional case-marking: assign the dative case (DAT) to the complement of the verb);
- VC(PP):=VC(+DAT); (conditional case-marking: assign the dative case (DAT) to the complement of the verb (VC) if it is a PP);
- VC([make];NP):=VC(+ACC); (conditional case-marking: assign the accusative case (ACC) to the complement of the verb (VC) whose lemma is "make").
- Complex case-marking
- A single case-marking rule may contain several case-marking operations:
- VS(+NOM)VC(+ACC)VA(+OBL); (assign the nominative case to the specifier of the verb, the accusative case to the complement of the verb, and the oblique case to the adjunct to the verb)
- Use of "+"
- As rules are conservative (i.e., features are preserved unless explicitly deleted), the use of "+" is actually optional:
- VC(+DAT); is the same as VC(DAT);
- Case-unmarking
- Assigned cases may be deleted through "-":
- VC(-ACC); (deletes the accusative case from every verb complement)
- VC(PP):=VC(-ACC); (deletes the accusative case from verb complements which are prepositional phrases)
- The symbol ^ is used for negation and to control infinite recursion
-
- VC(^NOM):=VC(NOM); (assign the nominative case to the complement of verb if it does not have the nominative case)
